HYPERNETS Hyperspectral Surface Reflectance Measurements for Satellite Validation from the Jolanda di Savoia site in Italy

This dataset provides quality-checked L2B surface reflectance data for the HYPERNETS Jolanda di Savoia site in Italy (JSIT). Data is only provided for periods that are considered suitable for satellite validation (e.g. spatially homogeneous and clear sky; see https://landhypernet.org.uk/site_descriptions/JSIT for the different deployment periods and whether they are valid). Data is included until the 1st of October 2025. For near-real-time data, monthly zip files, different product levels, and querying the data, please visit the LANDHYPERNET data portal (www.landhypernet.org.uk). The data products are described in detail in https://hypernets-processor.readthedocs.io/en/latest/content/atbd/products.html and De Vis et al. (2024b). The HYPERNETS project (www.hypernets.eu; Ruddick et al. 2024) has the overall aim to ensure that high quality in situ measurements are available to support the (VNIR/SWIR) optical satellite products. Therefore, it established a new autonomous hyperspectral spectroradiometer (HYPSTAR® - www.hypstar.eu; Kuusk et al. 2024) dedicated to land and water surface reflectance validation with instrument pointing capabilities. This instrument has been deployed over various sites covering a range of water and land types and a range of climatic and logistic conditions. The HYPSTAR®-XR (eXtended Range) instruments deployed at each land HYPERNETS site consist of a VNIR and a SWIR sensor and autonomously collect data between 380-1680nm at various viewing geometries and send it to a central server for quality control and processing. The VNIR sensor spans 1330 channels between 380 and 1000 nm with a FWHM of 3 nm and the SWIR sensor has 220 channels between 1000 and 1680nm with a FWHM of 10 nm. The hypernets_processor (De Vis et al. 2024b) automatically processes all this data into various products, including the L2B quality-checked surface reflectance products provided here. All of the products have associated uncertainties (divided into random and systematic uncertainties, including error-correlation information) which were propagated using the CoMet toolkit (www.comet-toolkit.org).  The JSIT study area is represented by the Bonifiche Ferraresi S.p.A. farm (44°53'N; 11°59'E) located in Jolanda di Savoia near the city of Ferrara, in the Po Valley area (Italy). The farm total area encompasses approximately 3,800 ha, with a diversified crop production focused on both human consumption and animal feeding. The area was formerly a marshland which underwent extensive reclamation efforts during the late 19th century. The soil, which is characterized by high fertility, is predominantly composed of silty-clay or silty-clay loam. It is distinguished by the presence of numerous buried paleochannels, which are indicative of its former coastal environment. Such a condition generates a substantial within-field spatial pattern as a consequence of plant-soil interactions. The site where the HYPSTAR radiometer is located was selected to cover a homogeneous area of approximately 100 x 100 m (corresponding to a 3 x 3 grid of 30 m pixels). Specifically, the field hosting the radiometer infrastructure is part of the experimental site of BF-Research (https://www.bfresearch.eu/), wherein several digital agriculture experiments are conducted. The infrastructure is also equipped with an eddy covariance system, which was provided by CNR-IBE (https://www.ibe.cnr.it/). Further information on each of the deployment periods (such as crop type) is available on https://landhypernet.org.uk/site_descriptions/JSIT. The provided NetCDF files are the L2B hypernets products with surface reflectances, their associated uncertainties and error-correlation information. The reflectance in these products is the Hemispherical-conical Reflectance Factor (HCRF) defined as: HCRF = π L / E where L is the conical upwelling radiance (with field of view of 5 degrees) and E is the (hemispherical) downwelling irradiance (i.e. including both direct solar and diffuse sky irradiance). These reflectances have dimensions of wavelength and series, where each series is a set of measurements for a given geometry (combination of viewing zenith and azimuth angle). In addition to variables for wavelength and bandwidth, the files also contain variables that provide for each series the acquisition time, viewing and solar angles, number of valid scans used, and quality flags (typically no flags are set in the data provided in this dataset). These NetCDF files also contain further relevant metadata as attributes.  To obtain this dataset, we start from the full JSIT data record and omit data that does not pass the relevant quality checks (QC). Some QC are performed during the processing up to L2A (see https://hypernets-processor.readthedocs.io/en/latest/content/atbd/processing/quality_checks.html). Then, a number of site-specific QC are performed as post-processing to produce the L2B files (see https://hypernets-processor.readthedocs.io/en/latest/content/atbd/processing/post_processing.html). These site-specific QC cover things such as removing flags in the L2A data, avoiding periods with bad deployment conditions, removing unsuitable viewing and solar angles, as well as poorly performing wavelength ranges and individual sequences. Any potential misalignment of the sensor is also corrected, affecting L1D irradiances, and L2B reflectances. These corrected data are then used in a more stringent clear sky check, and in a check that verifies the reflectances are within realistic ranges for a given angle and time of year for the given site. Any measurements that fail any of these checks are omitted from the L2B data.  Note there is no L2B data since the start of August 2025, because the field is too heterogeneous due to weeds growing in fallow field (harvest was on 2nd of July). The next update to this Zenodo dataset is expected in February 2026 and will include all L2B data up to end of 2025.