SafeNet D2.2 Maps of European forest carbon

European forest carbon maps (Mg C ha-1, 100 m x 100 m, for 2020) – aboveground carbon (AGC), belowground carbon (BGC), soil organic carbon (SOC) and total carbon.  This dataset contains four harmonised raster layers for forest carbon density across Europe for the year 2020. Developed within the SafeNet project (Deliverable D2.2/5 T2.2).  File descriptions: Aboveground biomass carbon (AGC) (Mg C ha-1): derived from the PathFinder (Miettinen et al., 2025) forest biomass map plus climate- (Beck et al., 2023) and phylogeny specific carbon fractions (Martin et al., 2018) Belowground biomass carbon (BGC) (Mg C ha-1): modelled from PathFinder aboveground biomass using global allometric relationships (Reich et al., 2014) and converted to carbon using the same wood-carbon fractions as AGC, and information on forest regenerative origin (Bourgoin et al., 2026). Soil organic carbon (SOC) (Mg C ha-1): calculated from HoliSoils data (Calisto et al., 2023) on soil organic carbon content, bulk density and coarse fragments (0-30 cm), and PEATGRIDS estimates of peat soil carbon (Widyastuti et al., 2024). Total carbon (C) (Mg C ha-1): the sum of AGC + BGC + SOC for each 100 m pixel.  Spatial coverage:All forest pixels within the SafeNet project area where required inputs were available. The dataset follows the spatial extent of the PathFinder products, which do not include western Russia. The SOC and Total carbon layers cover 24% fewer forest pixels than the biomass products due to the restricted spatial extent of the input soil data. We intentionally avoided interpolation across these areas to maintain transparency. Methods:All layers were resampled, aligned, and harmonised a 100 m grid (original PathFinder datasets are 10 m resolution). Calculations were conducted in R (version 4.5.2) and Google Earth Engine. Full methods are provided in the accompanying SafeNet deliverable report. Intended use:These layers provide a transparent and reproducible baseline for evaluating forest carbon stocks, supporting modelling activities, conservation prioritisation, ecosystem service assessment, climate mitigation planning and further analyses within SafeNet.